Studies the earth, including the origin and types of earth materials, volcanism and crystal deformation, external earth processes and development of landscapes, geological resources, and geological processes as natural hazards.

Analyzes and evaluates selected contemporary problems in Earth Science.

Focuses on soil formation, glacial sediments, chemical and biological soil processes, and soil fertility. Topics of special interest will include sustainable agriculture and permaculture, environmental contaminants, deforestation and erosion, and wetlands. Required laboratory with emphasis on field work.

Studies the topography, geology, climate, flora, fauna and scenic qualities of national parks and monuments by describing the history of the national park system and factors threatening its existence.

Independent effort directed to the in-depth study of some aspect of earth science.